The Discursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Ed. by Ruth Wodak, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, Karin Liebhart

The Discursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Ed.



Download The Discursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Ed.




The Discursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Ed. Ruth Wodak, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, Karin Liebhart
Language: English
Page: 288
Format: pdf
ISBN: 0748637265, 9780748637263
Publisher:

Review

Announced at http://linguistlist.org/issues/20/20-298.html AUTHORS: Ruth Wodak, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart TITLE: The Discursive Construction of National Identity SUBTITLE: Second edition PUBLISHER: Edinburgh University Press YEAR: 2009 Derek Irwin, English Studies, University of Nottingham Ningbo Campus SUMMARY As a previous reviewer has pointed out (Galasinska 2010), reviewing this volume is a daunting task: it has been highly praised by very discerning critics, from its first German publication in 1998, through three other printings, until the arrival of this expanded volume. Although making a name as the harshest reviewer of this text is somewhat tempting, such would be a hard sell indeed: it is meticulous, accurate, and impressive in both its scope and depth. The general goal of the book is to explore how Austrians negotiate various forms of being Austrian in spoken texts, from the public speeches of political leaders, through group discussions, and into private interviews. There are thus a number of variables present, including the degree of dissemination of the various texts to a wider audience, the relative power of the speaker over the issues in question, and the level of formality in text production, to name a few. The analysis takes advantage of these different contexts of production to systematically explore the various content and strategies that different speakers use in different situations to create and negotiate ideas of national identity, and presents the findings in such a way as to suggest their applicability outside of the specific Austrian milieu. The text is "a considerably abbreviated version of the German edition" (p. 1), although the present edition does have an updated chapter in which the analysis is brought up to the year 2008. The main arc of the arguments is therefore made more convincing, as well as contemporaneous. The book comprises eight chapters, as well as two appendices which include listings of the publicly-available data. The chapters are as follows: 1. Introduction This short introduction serves to provide the theoretical orientation with which the authors explore the creation of national identity in Austrian discourse. However, the authors do point out that, following on Wodak (1996), "we do not limit ourselves to theory-building, but place great emphasis on the analysis of our empirical data" (p. 2). The analysis aims to "conceptualise and identify the various macrostrategies employed in the construction of national identities and to describe them using a hermeneutic-abductive approach" (p. 3) - in other words, the authors emphasize their ability to interpret what is significant in the data, assumedly because of prior familiarity with the discourse and culture. Two key theoretical underpinnings are the following of Benedict Anderson's (1983) notion of nations as "imagined communities," and the concept that national identities are "malleable, fragile and, frequently, ambivalent and diffuse" (p. 4). This text thus argues for a break from the traditional national constructs of the Staatsnation and Kulturnation (p. 6). 2. The Discursive Construction of National Identity This chapter deals with the two major issues in the title, namely those of "identity" and the means with which to analyse it in various types of discourse of nationhood. In broad strokes, it uses the Vienna School of Critical Discourse Analysis method of triangulation (as per Cicourel 1969), i.e. "discursive phenomena are approached from a variety of methodological and theoretical perspectives taken from various disciplines" (p. 9). While perhaps open to accusations of subjectivity, this approach allows the analyst to synthesize various forms of text through a range of disciplinary methodologies, yielding results which are contextually bound yet meaningful in other situations with similar variables of nationhood and identity construction. Such fluidity is also important in the approach because the notion of "identity" is itself fluid (p. 11), through various forms such as those of self, narrative, system-related, national, and, in fact, multiple. Out of these, perhaps the most pertinent to this study is that of the narrative identity, as that is the means through which the imagined national figure - the "homo nationalis" - is constructed, and there is a thorough discussion here of the various means with which the story of the nation is created. The discursive practices are similarly thoroughly laid out in this chapter, divided into the "contents" and "strategies" employed in various discourses. The means and forms through which these contents and strategies are employed are laid out in a series of tables (2.1-2.5, pp. 36-42), which provide a means of replicating this sort of study in other contexts. 3. On Austrian Identity: The Scholarly Literature This chapter provides the service of contextualization for readers not familiar with the Austrian context, giving an historical overview as well as a window into the practice of Austrian self-definition. It simultaneously recognizes the efforts to define the Austrian national identity, while at the same time showing some of the problems with this process given the fact that much of the identification is done against Germany while simultaneously being conducted in (Austrian) German. Further, there are a large number of Austrians who are not unilingual; "members of local, regional, ethnic and national minorities are subject to a far more complicated interplay of situation-specific, multiple identity constructions than are those who belong exclusively to a unilingual majority" thus resulting in multiple identities (p. 57). Even in those areas in which identity seems fairly well-established, there are problems. The first is historical, and has to do with Austria's complicated relationship with the National Socialists during the Second World War, both resisting and enabling the crimes of that state. The second is political, and has to do with the identification of Austria as a neutral state while simultaneously risking losing that important piece of self-identity with the joining of the EU. The ways that these problems are dealt with in the discourse are explored in further chapters. 4. The Public Arena: Commemorative Speeches and Addresses This chapter deals with the most public discourse, that of political leaders. The analysis here is largely concerned with the content of these texts, in which it is found that "they assigned praise or blame to certain moments of Austria's past or present" (p. 70) and that "the thematic texture centres almost exclusively on the narration of a common political past and on the discursive construction of a common political present and future" (p. 74). In building up the "imagined community" of Austria, these speakers first had to confront the past of National Socialism, which they generally did by creating an equivalence of victimhood: all Austrians suffered equally through that point in history. Moving to the present and future, the public speakers provided a kind of "locus amoenus": "a 'beautiful landscape' often mentioned in a more general sense to refer to the common national territory or serving to depict a rather abstract ideal political place where human beings live together happily, in affluence, in harmony and without conflicts" (p. 98). Of course, it was found that the more power the politicians had over the body politic, the more likely they were to employ this theme, thus justifying and hopefully perpetuating their roles in the state. 5. Semi-Public Discussion: The Focus Group Interviews This data was quite interesting, as the authors were able to use it "to follow closely patterns of recontextualisation and the transformation of elite concepts of national identity during group interactions" (p. 107). In fact, the group context was also significant as it led to the participants negotiating and co-constructing the underlying features of national identity, generally building consensus instead of asserting definitions - and thus some were able to question the statements of the public discourse, even to the point where a group dismissed a speech "as typical 'politicians' babble' because of its ambivalence and vagueness" (p. 132). These groups tended to stress the inclusion of all members, simultaneously expressing "explicit emphasis or presupposition of intra-national similarity and sameness as well as emphasis of national singularity and autonomy" (p. 141). They did this in discourse by such devices as metonymically employing "Austria" for the population, or using the somewhat vague "we" to sketch out in-groups. 6. Semi-Private Opinions: The Qualitative Interviews These twenty-four sessions were set up "to resemble informal open-ended, private conversations [thus] there was little observable pressure to articulate statements conforming to group opinions or politically correct statements" (p. 146). Because of the open-ended nature, there were also some topics brought in that the participants believed important to the notion of identity that were not mentioned in other forums. The "homo Austriacus" here did not have such a tight focus on nationality; "even where interviewees emphasised citizenship as a criterion for national membership and identity (which, by the way, did not occur very often), most of them pointed to linguistically, culturally and ethnically defined elements of Austrian self-perception at a later point in the interview" (pp. 150-51). Significantly, it appears that the identification here was less about finding a national character to agree upon the "Austrian-ness" of, but rather to see how notions of that character could be used to project elements of the self into. In dealing with the national past, most of the participants believed it necessary to confront it. "However, the interviewees scarcely ever indicated that they saw any connection to current and everyday racism and exclusionary practices. The topos of 'history teaching lessons', frequent in political speeches, seems to be of no relevance in the individual-private discourse of national identity" (p. 168). Also significant here was that as individuals, particip...
--This text refers to the

edition.

About the Author

Ruth Wodak is distinguished professor of discourse studies at Lancaster University. Rudolf de Cillia is professor of applied linguistics at the University of Vienna. Martin Reisigl is a lecturer in the Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna. Karin Liebhart is a researcher in the Department of Political Science, University of Vienna.

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